Overview (Verse 6)

Ending Brotherhood
 
Having abolished adoption, the sūrah moves on to put an end to the brotherhood institution, established by Islam following the migration of the Muslims from Makkah to Madinah. This was a practical measure to address the situation of those immigrants who had abandoned their relations and property in Makkah, and the situation of Muslims in Madinah whose relations with their families were severed as a result of their embracing Islam. At the same time, the Prophet’s personal authority over all believers is emphasized and given a higher position than all blood relations, while his wives are to be seen as the spiritual mothers of all believers: “The Prophet has more claim on the believers than they have on their own selves; and his wives are their mothers. Blood relatives have, according to God’s decree, a stronger claim upon one another than other believers [of Madinah] and those who have migrated [for God’s sake]. Nonetheless, you are to act with kindness towards your close friends. This is written down in God’s decree.” (Verse 6)
 
When the Muhājirīn, i.e. the Muslims from Makkah, left for Madinah, they had to leave everything behind, preferring their faith to their relatives, clans, property, livelihood, friends, and life memories. They abandoned all this for their faith. Their migration in this way, abandoning all that was dear, including their own families, provided an example of how faith grips one’s whole being. They provided the practical example of the integrity of the Islamic personality, confirming the Qur’ānic statement: “Never has God put two hearts in one man’s body.” (Verse 4)
 
A different situation, however, arose in Madinah as Islam began to infiltrate homes. The result was that some members of a family became Muslims while others did not. Relations between people were often severed; family bonds became shaky; and there was an even greater disruption of social bonds. The Muslim society was still in its infancy and the Muslim state was still more of an idea than a solid regime with lasting roots.
 
This gave the new faith a strong moral impetus that superseded all emotions, traditions, social institutions and bonds, making faith the only bond that unites hearts. At the same time it united the small units that separated from their natural roots in the family and the clan, thus replacing the ties of blood, family, interest, friendship, race and language. It united these Muslim units into a well-knit and coherent block that showed a high degree of solidarity, cooperation and mutual care. This was not initiated by legislative texts or government orders; instead, it was based on an inner impetus that was stronger than anything that was familiar in ordinary human life. This provided the basis for the rise of the Muslim community, which could not be otherwise established.
 
The Muhājirīn [i.e. the migrants from Makkah] were welcomed in Madinah by its Muslim residents, the Anşār. They were made so welcome that the Anşār opened their hearts and homes for them and gave them shares in their property. In fact they were so keen to make the Makkan Muslims feel welcome in their new abode that the Anşār drew lots to decide who would take each of the Muhājirīn: this because there were only a few of the latter as compared with the great many Anşār who were keen to host them. They, in fact, shared with the Muhājirīn everything they had, willingly and with warm hearts that betrayed no trace of avarice or showing off.
 
The Prophet established a bond of brotherhood between individuals of the Muhājirīn and individuals of the Anşār, naming each two brothers, thereby giving rise to a unique bond in the history of mutual solidarity between believers in the same ideology. Indeed this brotherhood superseded the blood relationship, as it included rights of inheritance and other commitments between relatives. The resulting moral impetus was strong because the Prophet’s Companions took to the new bond seriously, in the same way as their attitude towards everything Islam laid down. This impetus was essential to the rise of Islamic society and its protection, providing all, if not more than what could have been provided by a state that enjoyed stability and well established laws. Thus, the bond of Islamic brotherhood was necessary to safeguard and consolidate the new Muslim community in its exceptional and highly complicated circumstances. A similarly strong impetus is essential for the rise of any community facing equally unusual circumstances, until it begins to have a stable state with well defined laws that give it normality.
 
Although Islam welcomes such a strong impetus, it nonetheless wants Islamic society to have a foundation that relies on the normal resources its people can give in ordinary situations, not on what people are ready to sacrifice in exceptional circumstances. This is essential because once an emergency is over, people should return to their normal and ordinary standards. Therefore, once circumstances in Madinah began to settle after the Battle of Badr when the new Muslim state became more stable, social conditions and means of livelihood improved, and all were able to earn their living, the Qur’ān amended the system of brotherhood. It abrogated the commitments attached to it, which normally arise from family and blood relations, but retained it as a moral bond of brotherhood that can be reactivated in reality whenever needed. Thus, the Muslim community returned to a normal situation in which inheritance and other binding commitments are limited to blood relatives as they have always been in God’s original decree and natural law: “Blood relatives have, according to God’s decree, a stronger claim upon one another than other believers [of Madinah] and those who have migrated (for God’s sake]. None the less, you are to act with kindness towards your close friends. This is written down in God’s decree.” (Verse 6)
 
The Prophet’s Authority
 
At the same time, it re-emphasized the Prophet’s authority over all Muslims, which gave him a higher claim than that of blood, indeed one that is higher than one’s own wishes and desires: “The Prophet has more claim on the believers than they have on their own selves.” (Verse 6) Islam also makes the Prophet’s wives spiritual mothers to all believers: “and his wives are their mothers.” (Verse 6)
 
The Prophet’s authority over all Muslims is comprehensive. Inevitably, this includes charting a complete way of life for them. They cannot choose for themselves anything other than what he chooses for them in accordance with what God reveals to him. In an authentic ĥadīth, the Prophet is quoted as saying: “No one of you is a true believer until his preferences are subject to my message.” This is so pervasive as to include their own feelings whereby the Prophet (peace be upon him) is dearer to them than their own lives. Thus, believers do not prefer their own safety to his, and they do not place anyone ahead of him in their hearts. Authentic aĥādīth speaking of this are many, and here we give just two examples: “None of you attains to true faith until I am dearer to him than his own soul, his property, offspring and all mankind.” “`Umar said to the Prophet: ‘By God! I love you more than I love anyone other than my own self.’ The Prophet said: ‘No, `Umar! I should be dearer to you than your own self.’ Then `Umar rejoined: ‘Messenger of God! I love you more than anyone else, including myself.’ The Prophet said: ‘You have got it now, `Umar.’
 
This is not some mere utterance of a word. It is a standard, an extremely high one that people cannot attain to without possessing a special touch that opens a sublime horizon before their hearts, purging them of the self love that is deeply rooted in their very natures. Indeed, human beings love themselves far more than they can imagine. We may think that we have managed to bring our self love under control. Yet should anyone say a derogatory word to us, we will react as though we have been bitten by a snake. So much so that we may not be able to rein in our reactions, and even if we do restrain ourselves sufficiently so as not to react visibly, we will still feel the injury keenly. We may be willing to sacrifice our lives for what we believe in, and we may claim that we are free of self interest, but we still find it impossible to accept insults or derogatory criticism. Once more, this is a high standard which is difficult to attain without long training, constant alertness and the seeking of God’s help. This is what the Prophet called the greater Jihād, or striving for God’s cause. We need only to remember that even `Umar ibn al-Khaţţāb needed instruction by the Prophet to open his pure heart to it.
 
The Prophet’s authority over the believers also includes their commitments. An authentic ĥadīth quotes the Prophet as saying: “I am the patron of every believer, both in this life and in the life to come. Read, if you will, [God’s revelation]: The Prophet has more claim on the believers than they have on their own selves.’ (Verse 6) Therefore, whoever leaves behind any property, his kinsfolk will inherit him, but if he leaves an outstanding debt or neglected children, let them come to me, for I am his guardian.” What the ĥadīth implies is that the Prophet would repay the debts of any Muslim who died leaving outstanding debts and no repayment facility, and that he would also look after any young children until they came of age.
 
Apart from this, life was to run normally, without the need for any special charge or exceptional moral impetus. Yet the close relationship between good friends remained intact after the abrogation of the brotherhood system. A Muslim may make a bequest in favour of a close friend, or give generous gifts during their lifetimes: “None the less, you are to act with kindness towards your close friends.” (Verse 6)
 
All these measures relate to the original bond, making it clear that this has always been God’s will as recorded in His permanent decree: “This is written down in Gods decree.” (Verse 6) Thus people are reassured as they rely on an original and natural status to which all laws and systems refer. Life then takes its natural line, moving easily and comfortably, with no need to overcharge oneself as happens during special times of emergency or to meet exceptional needs. After all, such periods are few and of limited duration in human life. Yet should the need arise, the overflow can always be tapped.