Surah al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage ) 22 : 35

Overview (Verses 32 - 37)

A Sacrifice of Distinction

Having mentioned those who honour God’s sanctities and the need to preserve and protect such sanctities, the sūrah now speaks of honouring the symbols set up by God, which, in this instance, refers to the animals sacrificed as part of the pilgrimage rituals. This honour is manifested by choosing the best and most valuable animals for sacrifice: This is [to be borne in mind]. Anyone who honours the symbols set up by God [shows evidence of] God-consciousness in people’s hearts. You have benefit in them for a term appointed; and in the end their place of sacrifice is near the Ancient House. (Verses 32-33) A link is established here between the sacrifice offered by pilgrims and the way hearts are made conscious of God. The whole purpose of all pilgrimage rituals is to enhance believers’ God-fearing sense. All these rituals are symbols confirming submission to God, the Lord of the Ka`bah, the Sacred House, as also obeying Him in all situations. They may also involve reminders of old events, from the time of Abraham and later generations, but these are reminders of complete submission to God, obeying His rules and looking up to Him for guidance. Such is the mark of the Muslim community ever since its earliest days. Hence, these symbols are to be treated on an equal footing with prayer.

Animals marked for sacrifice on the day when pilgrims are due to release themselves from consecration may be used by their owners. The owner may ride such animals, if they are suitable for such purpose, or he may use their milk, until they reach the place of sacrifice, which is in the vicinity of the Ancient House. They are then sacrificed there, when the owners may partake of their meat, but they must give much of it to the poor.

At the Prophet’s time, Muslims used to choose the best animals for sacrifice, paying the best prices for them, as a gesture of honouring the symbols set up by God. Their only motive was their God-fearing sense. `Abdullāh ibn `Umar reports that his father received a superb she-camel as a gift. He was offered 300 dinars for it, (which was a very high price). He reported this to the Prophet and asked whether he should sell it to buy instead several camels for sacrifice. The Prophet said: “No. Make this one your sacrifice.”

We note here that `Umar did not wish to sell the camel in order to save part of its price. He simply wanted to buy instead several camels or cows and sacrifice them all, although he was aware that one camel or cow was sufficient to fulfil the sacrificial duty of seven pilgrims. The Prophet, however, advised him to sacrifice the precious animal itself, for the very reason that it was so precious. While the alternative suggested by `Umar could have provided much more meat to go round, the moral aspect was intended here, because it is a demonstration of honouring the symbols set up by God. This is what the Prophet wished to highlight as he ordered `Umar to sacrifice that particular she-camel.

The Qur’ān mentions that such a sacrifice ritual was known in many communities. It was left to Islam, however, to put it on its right course, offered for God alone: For every community We have appointed [sacrifice as] an act of worship, so that they might extol the name of God over whatever heads of cattle He may have provided for them. Your God is the One and Only God. Hence, surrender yourselves to Him. Give good news to those who are humble, whose hearts tremble with awe whenever God is mentioned, and who patiently bear whatever befalls them, attend regularly to their prayer and spend in charity out of what We provide for them. (Verses 34-35) Islam purifies feelings and intentions, setting them all for one goal. Thus, intentions, actions, worship and customs all serve a common purpose, setting life on the sound basis of pure faith.

This is the underlying reason for prohibiting eating any meat at the slaughter of which any name other than God’s is invoked. Indeed it is essential to invoke God’s name at the sacrifice, giving prominence to such invocation, as if the sacrifice is done merely to invoke His name: “For every community We have appointed [sacrifice as] an act of worship, so that they might extol the name of God over whatever heads of cattle He may have provided for them.” (Verse 34) This is followed by a clear statement of God’s oneness: “Your God is the One and Only God.” (Verse 34) An order of submission to Him is the logical conclusion: “Hence, surrender yourselves to Him.” (Verse 34) Such surrender should be an act of choice, done with complete reassurance and without any compulsion: “Give good news to those who are humble, whose hearts tremble with awe whenever God is mentioned.” (Verses 34-35) The mere mention of God’s name stirs in them a feeling of awe that manifests itself in their actions. “Who patiently bear whatever befalls them.” (Verse 35) They do not object to whatever happens to them by God’s will. They also “attend regularly to their prayer,” showing thus that they worship God as He wishes to be worshipped. Moreover, they do not grudgingly hold on to what they have. Rather, they “spend in charity out of what We provide for them.” (Verse 35) Thus a close link is established between faith and worship rituals. The latter derive from faith and are manifestations of it. Hence, they are described as symbols set up by God. What is important in all this is that life itself derives its colour from faith, ensuring unity between beliefs and actions.

The sūrah continues to emphasize the link between faith and worship rituals as it outlines some pilgrimage duties, speaking here of the sacrifice of cows and camels: “The sacrifice of camels We have ordained for you as one of the symbols set up by God, in which there is much good for you.” (Verse 36)

Camels are mentioned here in particular because they are the largest and most valuable of sacrificial animals. The sūrah states that there is much good for mankind in camels: they serve as good mounts and provide plenty of milk. When they are sacrificed, they provide much meat to eat and give for charity. In return for all these benefits, people should invoke God’s name, making their purpose clear and their sacrifice purely for God’s sake. This should be clear in their minds as they bring the camels forward for sacrifice: “Hence, extol the name of God over them when they are lined up.” (Verse 36) Camels are slaughtered standing on three legs, while the fourth is tied. “After they have fallen lifeless to the ground, eat of their meat, and feed the poor who is contented with his lot, as well as the one who is forced to beg.” (Verse 36) The owners of the slaughtered sacrifice are recommended to partake of its meat, but they are required to give gifts to the poor who are contented and do not ask for charity, as well as those whose poverty makes them beg. It is because all these benefits are provided that people should give thanks to God: “It is to this end that We have made them subservient to your needs, so that you might have cause to be grateful.” (Verse 36)

As people are commanded to slaughter their sacrifice invoking God’s name, it is made clear to them that “never does their meat or their blood reach God.” (Verse 37) He has no need of them. What reaches Him, however, is people’s piety and consciousness of Him. It is the intention behind any action that gives it its worth. Compare this with the practice of the Quraysh idolaters who used to splatter the blood of their sacrifices over their idols. How crude and ugly! It is to this end that He has made them subservient to your needs, so that you might glorify God for all the guidance with which He has graced you. (Verse 37) It is He who has guided you to the proper and true faith of submission to Him alone. Thus, you have become aware of the proper relation between man and God and the true meaning of action undertaken purely for God’s sake. “Give good news to those who do good,” putting their beliefs, worship and life activities on a proper footing.

Thus Muslims turn to God with every move they make, at any time of the day or night, conscious of His majesty, seeking His pleasure. With this attitude, life becomes a series of acts of worship, fulfilling God’s purpose of creation. Life on earth is set on its proper basis, with a solid link between this world and the next.